The door is made of wood. The windows are made of glass. The jacket is made of leather. Use di of to express possession and ownership. When the preposition di is followed by the masculine articles il and lo and the feminine article la, the words contract to del, dello, and della. Exercise 2. La ragazza 2. Loro 3. Di dove bella.
La giacca 7. I miei amici 8. I pomodori non Lucia La tua casa La pianta Voi Domani molto bello. La tua macchina San Francisco i tuoi amici?
Il nuovo albergo 5. Noi vecchia. Indicate in parentheses whether the sentences express nationality, physical status, location, mood, description, point of origin, or health.
Io italiana. Giovanni ammalato. Giovanni non 4. La professoressa 6. Noi in classe tutto il giorno. La mamma di Mario in ospedale.
La porta chiusa. La porta non K 7. Di dove chiusa. Chi con la nonna? Noi sul treno. Mia mamma sempre a casa. Mia mamma in giardino.
Come stai? Sta ancora a Napoli tua sorella? Volete stare in casa oggi? Siete stanchi? Dove sta la tua amica? Quanto tempo state in Italia? K Exercise 2. We are friends. My friend is in China. Her friend is in Italy for three weeks. The animals are at the zoo. The children are at the park for three hours. Italy is in Europe. Her husband is an architect. Uncle Marco is at the pool. Uncle Marco stays at the pool all day long. The food is delicious.
The dog is brown. The dog stays in the house. My grandmother is in the hospital. She is not feeling very well. Cari genitori, Come 1? Noi 2 a Roma. Io e Luisa 3 molto bella. I Musei Vaticani 5 molto interessanti. Il Colosseo 6 ristoranti 7 9 molto grande e bello. I buoni e non 8 molto cari. Noi a Roma per due settimane. Ciao e a presto. I quadri sulle pareti sono da tutte le parti del mondo. La sala da pranzo, il soggiorno, il salotto e la cucina sono al primo piano. Anche la nostra camera da letto con un bagno molto spazioso sono al primo piano.
Il frigorifero e la stufa sono nuovi. Uno specchio e un tavolino di legno sono nel corridoio. Altre tre camere da letto e un bagno sono al secondo piano.
Tutti i nostri libri, quaderni, penne, matite e il computer, sono nello studio. Un grande ombrellone e tante belle piante sono sul patio. Descrivi la cucina. Subject Pronouns, stare, and essere 3. Dove sono le penne, le matite e i libri? They state the existence or presence of something or someone.
Ci sono tre api nel giardino. Ci sono le api nel giardino. There is a bee in the garden. There are three bees in the garden.
There are bees in the garden. The article is omitted only if generalizations are used. Ci sono api nel giardino? Is there a bee in the garden? Are there bees in the garden? Ci sono gli elefanti allo zoo? Ci sono elefanti allo zoo? Are there elephants at the zoo? Are there any elephants at the zoo? There is no water in the bathroom. Non ci sono bicchieri nel bagno. Ci sono molti studenti. Excuse me, is your daughter in? No, she is not. There are many students.
Ecco Ecco here is, here are, there is, there are is used when pointing at or drawing attention to something or someone. Ecco il ristorante! Ecco la matita! Ecco i calzini! Ecco le matite! K Here is the restaurant! Here is the pencil! Here are the socks! Here are the pencils! Exercise 3. Ecco un bar! Ecco un giornale! Ecco un supermercato! Ecco una pizza! Ecco un gelato! Ecco un bicchiere!
Ecco un orologio! Ecco un ospedale! Ecco una televisione! Ecco uno zoo! Ecco uno scoiattolo! Ecco una pianta! Ci sono molte stelle nel cielo. Ci sono molte sedie nella tua casa. Ecco tua sorella! Ecco il telefono! Ecco la mamma! Come sono le caramelle? How is the pizza? How are the candies? Come sono buoni questi spaghetti!
P How good this spaghetti is! How good Italian ice cream is! The subject, when expressed, is at the end of the exclamation. Exclamations of this kind are used much more frequently in Italian than in English. How large this house is! Come sei bella! How beautiful you are! Come siamo stanchi!
How tired we are! Come stanno i tuoi genitori? How are your parents? Come ti chiami? Dove sono i CD? Where are the CDs? Where is your car? Che cosa? What day is today? What is there to eat at the restaurant? What is this? Chi sono questi ragazzi? Who are these boys? Who is on the telephone? Who is the girl with Giovanni? Which one? Which ones? Quali sono i tuoi libri? What which city is the capital of Italy? Which ones are your books? Why are you laughing?
Why do you go to Italy? Why do you study? Because I like to learn. How much? Quanto costa? How much does it cost? How much is it? How many? Quante cugine hai? How many kids do you have? How many cousins do you have? When is the concert? When is the test? Remember to use the correct form of essere.
Come sta tua zia oggi? Di dove sei tu? American 5. Ci sono cani a casa tua? Dove stai tutto il giorno? Ci sono ancora le foglie sugli alberi? I work a lot 46 Elements of a Sentence Come mi sta il cappello?
Quante persone ci sono? In quale parco ci sono le rose? Di dove venite? Con chi sei a casa? K In which school is Italian taught? Which park are the roses in? Whose pencil is this? Who is at home with you? La domenica andiamo a pranzo con gli amici. On Sundays we go to lunch with our friends.
On Mondays they play bridge. Io vado a teatro sabato sera. I will go to the theater on Saturday evening. What day is it today? Today is Tuesday. The second of June June 2nd is Republic Day. Andiamo in Italia in a marzo. Andiamo in Italia nel mese di marzo. Quanti ne abbiamo oggi? Some possible responses to these questions include: Ne abbiamo 7. Today is the 7th. Today is May 12th. Spring and summer are feminine; autumn and winter are masculine. On Monday I will go to visit Luisa.
Friday is my favorite day of the week. I go to school on Wednesday. We go to the movies on Saturday evening. We see our parents every Sunday. On Sundays we go to church. Every Friday I stay home from work. On Thursday we are with our children. On Fridays she cleans the house. On Saturdays we go to the theater or the restaurant. Lisa has volleyball on Tuesday afternoon.
January is a cold month. In July and August it is very hot. The month of October is in the fall. We travel in March and in September. School in Italy starts on September 15th. Spring and fall are my favorite seasons. I wake up early in the morning. In the evening, I watch TV. La gente vive e lavora a Milano. A Milano ci sono molti posti interessanti. Nella Galleria ci sono due librerie internazionali molto grandi e molto ben fornite.
Per vederlo bisogna comprare i biglietti e fare la prenotazione molti giorni in anticipo. Ci sono posti interessanti a Milano? Che cosa si trova nella chiesa Santa Maria delle Grazie? K Exercise 3. Translate the Italian phrases into English. Translate the English phrases into Italian. Dove sono i bambini? Chi sta con la nonna di notte? Come sta tua zia?
Di chi sono le piante? State a casa per le Feste? Ci sono molte persone nei negozi? Sta bene il cappotto a Maria? Di che colore il cielo?
Quanto tempo tu 5. Noi a casa tutto il giorno. Come la nonna oggi? Non 8. No, non cani, ma La macchina nera Non Il cappello gli due gatti. Noi Ci sono attori e attrici italiane che hanno raggiunto fama mondiale. Domande Questions After you have read the selection, answer the questions in Italian repeating your answers aloud. Chi va al cinema il sabato sera? Piace agli italiani andare al cinema? Scrivi il nome di una famosa attrice italiana. Following are the cardinal numbers from 1 to The numbers one hundred and above are written out as follows.
Italian uses millecento, milleduecento, etc. The number 1. In Italian the comma is used for decimals. So 1,5 1. Unlike English, milione changes to milioni in the plural. Mille has the plural form mila. Negli Stati Uniti ci sono milioni di abitanti. Il governo spende molti miliardi di dollari ogni giorno. P In the United States there are million inhabitants. The government spends billions of dollars every day. A Word About Numbers Numbers are a very important part of life. Learn your numbers and try to practice them as much as you can.
La scuola inizia il 5 gennaio. School starts on January 5th. Today is the 1st of December December 1st. The year in Italian, is expressed as the entire number, unlike English in which the year is broken up into two parts. Ci sono 2. Ci sono giorni in un anno. Ci sono settimane in un anno.
In biblioteca ci sono libri. Ci sono ragazzi in classe. Ci sono parole in questa storia. Ci sono studenti in questa scuola. Ci sono persone che lavorano qui. Sono in Italia per la volta. Luigi 9. Il These are mostly used in relation to literature, art, and history. Papa Pio 3. Nel century 6. La vita nel 7. Ci sono molti romanzi scritti nel century 8. Mi piace la musica del. Today is September 3rd. Tomorrow is the fourth of September. It is February It is December November 1st is a holiday in Italy.
Exercise 4. Gli studenti italiani vanno a scuola anche il di. Saturday 66 Elements of a Sentence 3. La settimana nel calendario italiano comincia il 5.
Monday molte persone vanno in chiesa. Sunday 6. Noi partiamo il di March, 14 7. I miei amici vanno al mercato tutti i 8. Friday ci sono giorni. Che ore sono? The answer in Italian always uses the third-person singular or plural. It is noon. It is midnight. Sono le sei. Sono le dodici. Sono le sei e dieci. Sono le sette e venti. It is ten after six. It is twenty after seven. Sono le tre meno dieci. Sono le nove meno cinque. It is ten to three. To indicate the exact hour, Italian uses in punto or esatte.
Sono le cinque in punto. Sono le sei esatte. Un quarto a quarter and mezzo or mezza a half often replace quindici and trenta. Sono le sei e quindici. Sono le sei e un quarto. Sono le sei e trenta. Sono le sei e mezzo mezza. It is a quarter after six. It is six thirty. It is half past six. In Italian the expressions A. Sono le di mattina. Sono le due di pomeriggio.
Sono le di notte. P It is A. It is P. It is A. This system is used by banks, businesses, shops, transportation services, the military, movies, TV, and trains, so it is very important to become familiar with it.
In the twenty-four-hour clock all times are expressed in full numbers. The United States refers to this system as military time. My name is Suzanne. My name is David. Pleased to meet you. Thank you very much. See you soon. In French, all nouns are masculine or feminine gender and singular or plural number. The genders of French nouns are hard to guess.
You will learn them as you go along. Pronounce the following nouns with their article. Refer to the Guide to Pronunciation as needed. The nouns in the following list do not end in -e; however, they are all feminine. When the noun starts with h, pronounce the vowel that follows the h.
Learn the gender m. When you begin to attach adjectives to nouns, it will be easier to remember their gender. It also precedes nouns that are used in a general sense. The Initial Letter h The letter h is always silent in French. This is called a mute h. However, in front of some French words starting with h, for historical reasons, the article does not elide the -e or -a. This h is also a silent letter; it is not pronounced.
French dictionaries show the aspirate h with a diacritical mark. Learning the Gender of Nouns Gender is linked to the noun word, rarely to the physical thing or the person. Here are some common masculine and feminine endings. Be aware of cognate nouns, which are close to English in spelling and meaning. Exception: la pizza. The feminine form often ends in -e.
When followed by -e in the feminine form, d, n, s, and t are pronounced. In this case, the article remains the same whether the actual person is male or female. Such nouns most often end in -e; the spelling of the noun does not change when the gender changes. Pronounce each word in French as you write the answer, making sure you know its meaning. A practical way to learn the gender of a noun is to link it with un or une.
Most French nouns are made plural by adding an -s to the singular. K Exercise 1. Make sure you know its meaning. If the gender is not clear from the spelling, show it by writing m. In French, descriptive adjectives usually follow the nouns they modify. Elle est sportive. She is athletic.
Agreement of Adjectives in Gender and Number In French, adjectives agree in both gender and number with the nouns they modify. The feminine form of adjectives usually ends in -e. The regular plural adds an s. Paul est optimiste. Paul is optimistic.
Mais Claire est pessimiste. But Claire is pessimistic. Bradley est anglais; les amis de Bradley sont aussi anglais. Blin is generous; his children are also generous.
Suzanne et Georges sont intelligents. Suzanne and Georges are intelligent. These are stylish and inexpensive shoes. I love pink and blue. Adjectives That Precede the Noun Most descriptive adjectives follow the noun, but these adjectives usually precede it: autre beau m. In addition, each has a second masculine singular form that is used before a vowel sound or mute h. What changes do you need to make in the articles and adjectives?
Ce sont des bons copains! This change of position causes a change in meaning. What is. Answer with Il est Adjectives of nationality and languages are not capitalized, but nouns are.
Conjugations are the verb forms that belong to particular subjects. You will begin to learn regular verbs in Chapter 3. Nous avons deux enfants. I am American. We have two children. Three are plural, corresponding to: we, you pol. The subject pronoun of a conjugated verb corresponds to the gender and number of the noun a person or thing that it replaces.
La table est dans le salon. Elle La table est dans le salon. The table is in the living room. It is in the living room. Context will help you determine the person or object the subject pronoun refers to. Uses of Subject Pronouns Conjugated verb forms in French are always preceded by a noun or a subject pronoun.
Richard est en ville. Richard is downtown. He is at the movies. My sisters are on a trip. In French, je is capitalized only when it begins a sentence.
It is replaced by an apostrophe and closed up to the conjugated verb. I am happy; I have a new job. Tu with its verb form is always singular. It is used to speak to one person who is a friend or relative, to a child, or to a pet.
The plural of both tu and vous is vous with its conjugated verb form. Attention les enfants! P Sylvie, are you a student? Are you ready?
Do as the Natives Do As you get to know a native speaker of French, a good rule of thumb for the nonnative is to wait until your new friend addresses you with tu, before starting to use tu with him or her. The English subject pronouns he, she, it singular , and they plural are expressed by il or ils for masculine nouns and elle or elles for feminine nouns.
Elles sont formidables! They fem. The plural ils they, m. Le matin, on est en bonne forme. In the morning, they we, people feel good. Modern speech often replaces nous we by on. The adjective can be spelled in the singular or the plural. Make sure you understand the meaning of each sentence. You, pl. They, f. You, sing. I es architecte? They, m. They sont dans le train. Le prof est absent. He K est en vacances. Exercise 2.
Focus on meaning. Le parfum 2. Elle dentiste. Les chaussures en cuir leather. La dame et le monsieur 9. Je belle aussi. Les touristes 6. Nous est beau. Vous aussi, vous Tu es au restaurant? Nous sommes en voiture.
Marianne is in the country. We are in the car. Les roses rouges sont belles. Red roses are beautiful. Mon appartement est assez grand. My apartment is rather large. Je suis dentiste. Elles sont protestantes? Are they f. Chantal is Senegalese. At times, the context will identify the person. Voici Bill. Ce sont des Suisses, de Lausanne. I am in the garden. They f. We are in front of devant the library. Charles is a teacher. Marie-Laure is in the car. People On are nice in this neighborhood ce quartier.
Sara and Patrick are on a trip. Michelle est une voisine neighbor. Elle est sociable. Jeanne est architecte. Mes parents sont canadiens. Mon voisin est gentil. Comment est Claude? Eh bien, intelligent, mais un peu arrogant. Voyons, Michel! Les amis toujours ponctuel.
Rosa et Mario, vous mexicains? Nous 5. Rosa et Mario sont mexicains. Robert est biologiste. Les chaussures sont en cuir. Attention, Annie! P We are in the midst of working. I agree completely! The shoes are made of leather.
Are you on vacation in August? Careful, Annie! You are already late! Quelle heure est-il? Learn Quelle heure est-il? What time is it? You will learn more about question forms in Chapter 3 and about telling time in Chapter 4. Claudine et moi voyageons maintenant now en Italie. Ils au volley. Mon T-shirt rose? Il est tard. Key Vocabulary These common words adverbs and conjunctions help link ideas and enliven adjectives, nouns, and verbs. Their placement in a sentence closely resembles that of their English equivalents.
Claude est professeur, donc il est en vacances. Les repas sont trop chers ici. We are sometimes unhappy. Are you a little tired? The meals are too expensive here. Sylvain est belles ce soir! Negation with ne I am not French. Nous ne sommes pas catholiques. K Exercise 2. Arlette est vieille? Nous sommes en retard?
Georges est en train de danser? The Verb avoir to have Avoir most often expresses ownership or possession. Nous avons de bons amis. We have good friends. Our friends have time today. Michel a une bicyclette. P Michel has a bicycle. We have no luggage. Il est blanc. Ce ne sont pas des touristes. The expression il y a there is, there are points out people, ideas, or objects.
Il y a is invariable does not change in the plural. There are problems in this document. Is there a doctor in the room hall? Il y a des arbres dans le parc. There are trees in the park. Arthur has a new friend f. You fam. Simon and Annie have an old car. There are too many tourists in town. Il y a beaucoup de devoirs ce soir. Il y a une voiture devant la maison. Ils sont en classe ce matin this morning. Mes parents ont un nouvel appartement. Expressions with avoir The verb avoir occurs in numerous idiomatic expressions.
Many ideas conveyed with expressions using avoir relate to feelings or sensations. They often have English equivalents that use the verb to be.
I am twenty years old. I am hungry, and I have a headache. Nous avons de la chance! Les We are lucky! The Olympic games jeux Olympiques ont lieu ici. She is wrong; I am not sleepy.
P Avoir How old are you? You will learn more about question forms in Chapter 3. K How old are you? We need a new apartment. Are you fam. The children are thirsty.
They m. Then repeat the answers aloud. Vous avez froid en hiver winter ici? Vous avez raison ou tort dans les discussions politiques? Vous avez envie de danser ce soir this evening? Et le professeur? Le professeur a toujours raison? Les petits enfants ont souvent peur des clowns? Key Vocabulary Your home or apartment and its furnishings make up your most familiar surroundings.
Dans le foyer, il y a une glace ancienne et une table en bois. Notre cuisine est spacieuse; ses murs sont jaunes et ses placards sont blancs. Dans le salon, il y a des fauteuils confortables et un piano. La maison est vieille ou moderne? La cuisine est petite ou grande? Il a une chambre obscure dark? The week begins on Monday. Some example sentences in this section use verbs you will learn later. Many are cognates; their meaning should be clear from the translations. Maman arrive samedi, et Sylvie, dimanche.
Friday Saturday Sunday What day is it today? Mom arrives Saturday, and Sylvie, on Sunday. To say that you do the same activity regularly every Monday, each Saturday, on Sundays, etc. The day also remains in the singular. Le mercredi, il y a un examen. The friends have dinner together every Friday. Where are you on Sundays? Quel mois sommes-nous? Les cours commencent en septembre. What month is it? Christmas is in December. We have vacation in August.
Classes begin in September. Winter is the cold season. Arielle loves autumn. Au printemps, je porte toujours un chapeau. In the spring, I always wear a hat. Are you in Montreal in the winter?
Cette nuit means last night. Demain matin, je retourne au travail. La nuit, les animaux sont dans leur lit. K In the evenings, we watch TV. Tomorrow morning, I return to work. At night, the animals are in their beds. Exercise 3. Complete sentences are not necessary. What days of the week do you work? What days of the week do you like to do your hobbies? When days or parts of the day do you study French?
Quel jour sommes-nous? Quel mois? Name the months that feature the following holidays. Regular Verbs in the Present Tense French has three groups of verbs with regular conjugations. Learning the model verb for each group will allow you to conjugate most French verbs. When new verbs are coined, they are most often regular -er verbs cliquer sur, to click on; mondialiser, to globalize. All -er verbs except for aller, to go are regular. The present tense endings for regular -er verbs are: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, and -ent.
Conjugated verbs always include a subject noun or pronoun. The regular conjugations of verbs ending in -ir and -re are presented in Chapters 4 and 5. En Iran, on parle farsi. Do you speak French? They speak Farsi in Iran. Here are two more -er verbs, conjugated in the present tense.
Nous parlons avec les voisins. I like this neighborhood a lot. Are you and your friend listening to the radio? This is called liaison. I like 4. I arrive 8. Elles arrivent vers six heures ce soir. They will arrive around six this evening.
Will you be looking for a job this summer? Pas vrai! On refuse de continuer. I begin to work. They refuse to continue. Nous fermons la porte. Nous ne fermons pas la porte. We close the door. Jacqueline habite ici. Jacqueline lives here. She listens to the radio. Nous aimons discuter. We like to discuss issues. Ils aiment mieux ne pas danser samedi soir. I ask the teacher not to give a test. They prefer not to dance Saturday night.
On Sundays, we visit a museum. Verbs Without Prepositions Some English verbs require a preposition where their French equivalents do not. With these French verbs the direct object comes immediately after the verb. K Je cherche mon ami. I am looking for my friend. We are listening to a good program. Tu regardes les cartes de France? Are you looking at the maps of France? Tu chantes bien? Non, je. Non, elle. Non, il. Non, nous.
Tu aimes mieux le jogging? Tes parents cherchent une nouvelle maison? Non, ils. Choose from the verbs listed below, using each verb once. Nous 3.
Vous 5. Tu louent un bel appartement. Marc et Josiane soir. Nous My friend says he hates to work. He says that Robert is looking for a job un emploi. Marguerite says she talks to the au teacher after class. Make sure the present tense verb forms are correct. Richard son iPod dans le parc. Dans les conversations, qui les femmes? Questions that ask for information or facts usually begin with interrogative words such as Qui The subject-verb order remains unchanged. Description Take the most direct path to mastering the German language!
Add to Basket. Also by Ed Swick View all. Practice Makes Perfect: Complete German Practice Makes Perfect German Pronouns Practice Makes Perfect: Intermediate Advanced Spanish Step-by-Step. Easy Precalculus Step-by-Step.
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